安妮Alstott Delivers BU Law’s Annual Distinguished Lecture
耶鲁大学的税法专家讨论了日益严重的不平等是如何破坏社会保障退休计划的。
安妮Alstott, Jacquin D. Bierman Professor in Taxation at Yale Law School, delivered 波士顿大学法学院’s Annual Distinguished Lecture on November 17. An expert in tax law and social policy, she spoke about her most recent book, 老年新政:迈向渐进式退休.
奥尔斯托特在演讲开始时指出,她写这本书时考虑到的是进步政策制定者的听众。 在最近的总统选举中,她反思了律师和法律学者在这种转变中的作用。 她强调,他们必须运用自己的技能,坚持真理,要求正义,并提供建设性的解决方案。 Lawyers, she said, “have a duty to translate for others what is hidden behind legal jargon and complexity.”
谈到退休政策,阿尔斯托特认为,日益加剧的不平等正在破坏弱势群体在工作年龄和退休后的机会。 如果不进行改革,这种不平等可能会淹没社会保障保护弱势群体的能力。 Much of the data on the financial position of retirees focuses on average income and blurs the “chasm of inequality” between rich and poor in old age, she said. “As we look toward the future, Social Security will be less and less able to bridge that divide.”
这不仅仅是钱的问题。 随着健康状况的改善和预期寿命的延长,退休经历已经演变成社会学家所说的第三时代,或者大约从50岁到75岁这段时间,退休人员现在在如何度过他们的工作、家庭和休闲时间方面有更广泛的选择。 然而,低收入者在退休时的经济保障更少,而且往往寿命更短,残疾率更高,工作选择更少,这使得他们在第三时代的经历明显不同,比那些富裕的人更脆弱。
Established in 1935 as part of President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, Social Security reflects the social and economic context of its time: Income distribution was compressed, family life was relatively homogeneous across social classes, and retirement behavior was predictable and covered a shorter period of time. 考虑到现代社会环境和退休行为的变化,阿尔斯托特强调,社会保障现在不成比例地惩罚那些提前退休的人、单亲澳门威尼斯人注册网站和那些经历过工作中断的人。
她说,社会必须努力解决退休政策所涉及的价值观问题。 如果这个问题被定义为分配正义问题,而不是偿付能力问题,那么问题就变成了,我们应该拨出多大比例的资源,以确保不再有工作能力的公民过上体面的生活? 虽然许多人建议全面提高退休年龄,但低收入者往往会遇到更多的健康问题,需要他们提前退休,导致在65岁之前提取资金的巨额罚款。
To resolve such penalties on the disadvantaged, Alstott proposed the ability to work should determine a person’s access to benefits, rather than their chronological age. 她建议采用渐进式退休时间规则,每个员工都有相同的退休选择,并在支付规则中考虑了对低收入者的偏好,因此对低收入者提前领取福利的处罚较小。 “Updating Social Security for our age of inequality is a critical task. Fixing early retirement penalties would be a first step, but we can and should make the case for additional progressive reforms.”
年度杰出讲座成立于1986年,旨在邀请杰出的法律学者到波士顿大学法学院就重要的法律主题发表演讲。 Revised versions of the lectures are published in the 波士顿大学法律评论.