澳门威尼斯人注册霍华德·瑟曼

霍华德·华盛顿·瑟曼（1899-1981）在20世纪的许多社会正义运动和组织中发挥了领导作用。他是现代非暴力民权运动的主要缔造者之一，也是马丁·路德·金博士的重要导师。

瑟曼在佛罗里达州的代托纳长大，他的祖母曾是一名奴隶。 As a child, Thurman complied with his grandmother’s request that he read the bible aloud to her, and he developed an interest in the text at a very early age. As a young child, Thurman also learned not only of the trials of slavery, but also of the slaves’ deep religious faith, which profoundly shaped his later vision of the transformative potential of African American Christianity. 瑟曼从1915年到1919年就读于杰克逊维尔的佛罗里达浸信会学院，同年他被莫尔豪斯学院录取。 1923年，他从莫尔豪斯学院毕业； he had purportedly read every book in the college’s library. 1922年夏天，在莫尔豪斯大学（Morehouse）即将完成经济学本科学业的时候，他在哥伦比亚大学（Columbia University）住校，第一次和白人学生一起上课。在1926年获得罗切斯特神学院的神学学士学位后，他担任俄亥俄州奥伯林锡安山浸信会的牧师。 1929年春，瑟曼在哈弗福德学院师从贵格会教徒鲁弗斯·琼斯学习神秘主义。 Mysticism came to figure prominently in Thurman’s theology. Indeed, Thurman evolved into a mystic who grounded all of his work in the idea that “life is alive” with creative intelligence.

在20世纪20年代的这个时期，瑟曼是全国学生青年运动中最善于表达和最引人注目的神学人物之一。 As a regular on the YMCA and YWCA lecture circuits during the height of segregation, he was the student movement’s most popular speaker for interracial audiences. 他也是黑人教会不断变化的事工的主要代言人。 It was through Thurman’s experiences during this time that his faith in interracialism began to take root. 20世纪20年代末，瑟曼成为和平主义和解协会（FOR）的第一位非裔美国董事会成员。 In this capacity, he urged his former student, James Farmer, to establish the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and was a member of the organization’s board.

1929年，瑟曼回到南方，在莫尔豪斯和斯佩尔曼学院担任宗教教授和宗教生活主任。这标志着他开始成为黑人学院和大学神学教育的先驱，与非裔美国领袖莫迪凯·怀亚特·约翰逊、约翰·霍普、杰西·摩尔兰、威廉·斯图尔特·纳尔逊和弗兰克·t·威尔逊一起。在莫尔豪斯和斯佩尔曼任职期间，瑟曼完成了一系列澳门威尼斯人注册黑人灵歌的布道，这些布道将成为他1947年在哈佛神学院发表的英格索兰讲座的基础。 He published these lectures as two books, 深河 (1945) and 《黑人灵歌》讲生与死 (1947). 1932年，瑟曼搬到华盛顿特区，成为霍华德大学的宗教教授，1936年，他被任命为兰金教堂的第一任院长。也是在那一年，他成为第一个率领非裔美国人代表团前往印度会见圣雄甘地的人。

在20世纪40年代，华盛顿特区是美国民权斗争的中心。 Also during this time, African Americans garnered some political influence in the federal government through the “Black Cabinet” and through New Deal programs that were established to address black economic concerns. 霍华德大学的知识分子作为顾问和鼓动者站在这一活动的前沿。

1943年，和解团契（Fellowship of Reconciliation）的A.J. Muste邀请瑟曼推荐一名学生，帮助在旧金山建立和共同牧者全民族团契教会（Fellowship Church），这是美国第一个主要的跨种族、跨信仰的教会。 To Muste’s surprise, Thurman offered to co-pastor the church. Thurman’s ministry at Fellowship Church (1944–53) was deeply influenced by his experiences in 1935–36 while traveling in India, Ceylon, and Burma, particularly his meeting with Gandhi. 通过建立团契教会，瑟曼将不同信仰、种族和阶层的人聚集在一起，共同敬拜和团契。这座教堂因其创造性的教会和开创性的社会愿景而被指定为国家历史地标。

The Gandhian ideas that Thurman developed in the years just before and during his tenure at Fellowship Church received a larger audience through the publication of his most famous work, 耶稣和被剥夺继承权的人 (1949), which deeply influenced leaders of the civil rights struggle. 在这部作品中，瑟曼提出了精神纪律的愿景，而不是怨恨，这后来成为南方黑人自由运动的道德基础。 During these years, while serving on the boards of FOR and CORE, he regularly advised leaders of these organizations—including Martin Luther King, Jr., Pauli Murray,Vernon Jordan, James Farmer, Whitney Young, and Bayard Rustin—about matters both political and spiritual, always preferring quiet counsel and intellectual guidance to political visibility.

在团契教会的那些年，为瑟曼准备了另一项大胆的冒险，在各种信仰的人之间寻找共同点。 1953年，应波士顿大学校长哈罗德·凯斯（Harold Case）的邀请，瑟曼辞去团契教会驻场牧师的职务，成为波士顿大学马什教堂（Marsh Chapel）的院长。瑟曼是第一位在白人占多数的大学担任这样职位的非洲裔美国人。